商业资本作为一种独立的职能资本，也获得平均利润，其直接原因是

【名词&注释】

关键环节、客观存在(objective existence)、扩大内需(expanding domestic demand)、根本途径(basic way)、剩余价值(surplus value)、产业部门(industrial sectors)、平均利润(average profit)、物质第一性、职能资本(functional capital)、商业资本家(merchant capitalist)

[单选题]商业资本作为一种独立的职能资本^{(functional capital)}，也获得平均利润^{(average profit)}，其直接原因是

A. 商业部门和产业部门之间的竞争和资本转移
B. 产业资本家为销售商品将部分利润让渡给商业资本家^{(merchant capitalist)}
C. 商业资本家^{(merchant capitalist)}加强对商业雇员的剥削
D. 产业部门将工人创造的一部分剩余价值分割给商业部门

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学习资料：

[单选题]2008年的中央经济工作会议指出，要着力在保增长上下功夫，保增长的根本途径是

A. 扩大内需
B. 加快发展方式转变和结构调整
C. 深化重点领域和关键环节改革、提高对外开放水平
D. 改善民生

[单选题]Text 2In Don Juan Lord Byron wrote, "Sweet is revenge—especially to women." But a study released on Wednesday, supported by magnetic resonance imaging, suggests that men may be the more natural avengers.In the study, when male subjects witnessed people they perceived as bad guys being stroke by a mild electrical shock, their M.R.I. scans lit up in primitive brain areas associated with reward. Their brains' empathy centers remained dull. Women watching the punishment, in contrast, showed no response in centers associated with pleasure. Even though they also said they did not like the bad guys, their empathy centers still quietly gloved.

A. The study seems to show for the first time in physical terms what many people probably assume they already know: that women are generally more empathetic than men, and that men, and that men take great pleasure in seeing revenge exacted. Men "expressed more desire for revenge and seemed to feel satisfaction when unfair people were given what they perceived as deserved physical punishment," said Dr. Tania Singer, the lead researcher, of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London. But far from condemning the male impulse for retribution, Dr. Singer said it had an important social function: "This type of behavior. has probably been crucial in the evolution of society as the majority of people in a group are motivated to punish those who cheat on the rest."
B. The study is part of a growing body of research that is attempting to better understand behavior. and emotions by observing simultaneous physiological changes in the brain, a technique now attainable through imaging. "Imaging is still in its early days but we are transitioning from a descriptive to a more mechanistic type of study," said Dr. Klaas Enno Stephan, a co-author of the paper.
C. Dr. Singer's team was simply trying to see if the study subjects' degree of empathy correlated with how much they liked or disliked the person being punished. They had not set out to look into ** differences. To cultivate personal likes and dislikes in their 32 volunteers, they asked them to play a complex money strategy game, where both members of a pair would profit if both behaved cooperatively. The ranks of volunteers were infiltrated by actors told to play selfishly. Volunteers came quickly to "very much like" the partners who were cooperative, while disliking those who hided rewards, Dr. Stephan said. Effectively conditioned to like and dislike their game-playing partners, the 32 subjects were placed in scanners and asked to watch the various partners receive electrical shocks. On scans, both men and women seemed to feel the pain of partners they liked. But the real surprise came during scans when the subjects viewed the partners they disliked being shocked. "When women saw the shock, they still had an empathetic response, even though it was reduced," Dr. Stephan said. "The men had none at all." Furthermore, researchers found that the brain's pleasure centers lit up in males when just punishment was meted out.
D. The researchers cautioned that it was not clear if men and women are born with divergent responses to revenge or if their social experiences generate the responses. Dr. Singer said larger studies were needed to see if differing responses would be seen in cases involving revenge that did not involve pain. Still, she added, "This investigation would seem to indicate there is a predominant role for men in maintaining justice and issuing punishment."
E. 第26题：Lord Byron\'s words mean ______.
F. Women are crueler than men
G. Revenge on women is sweeter
H. Women feel sweeter with revenge than men
I. Women love to revenge

[多选题]意识作为客观存在的主观映象说明

A. 物质第一性、意识第二性
B. 意识和客观存在的同一性
C. 意识对物质的根源性
D. 物质对意识的根源性

[多选题]动产上可以设定的制度有( )。

A. 抵押
B. 质押
C. 留置
D. 登记

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